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История и тайны ванили: неповторимый аромат

История и тайны ванили: неповторимый аромат

Ваниль имеет неповторимый запах – в прямом смысле этого слова. Запах получаемой специи до сих пор не удалось синтезировать, несмотря на почти безграничные возможности современных химиков. Только натуральная ваниль содержит все необходимые составляющие, дающие в сочетании тонкий и стойкий аромат. Выращивание и сбор ванили – дело непростое, но это того стоит: хорошая ароматная ваниль стоит немногим дешевле золота.
Ваниль – растение из семейства Орхидей, известных своей капризностью в выращивании. Растения нуждаются определенной температуре и влажности. Но самое непростое в выращивании ванили - необходимость искусственного опыления. И даже с ним лишь 50 % цветков может дать плоды.

В мире известно более сотни разновидностей ванили: большинство из них декоративные, и только три вида выращиваются с целью производства специи. Стручки ванили срывают незрелыми, помещают в очень горячую (80–85°С) воду на 20 секунд, а затем держат в шерстяных одеялах в течение недели. Еще несколько месяцев потемневшие стручки досушиваются в тени на открытом воздухе.
Ваниль приобретает насыщенный аромат, темный цвет, иногда доходящий до черного, и специфический белый налет, состоящий из маленьких белых кристалликов, которые особенно ценятся почитателями этой пряности.

Родина ванили ― Латинская Америка. Когда-то ваниль использовалась ацтеками для улучшения вкуса горького шоколада. Известно, что вождь ацтеков Монтесума очень любил напиток из какао-бобов, острого перца и ванили, который помогал ему одаривать вниманием и лаской 600 жен. У Монтесумы было 50 детей.

Позже ваниль выплачивали в качестве налогов завоевателям-испанцам. Испанцы, кстати, и дали ванили имя: испанское «vainilla» означает «стручочек».

За пределами Мексики и Испании о ванили узнали уже в начале XVI века. Лишь немногим посчастливилось оценить вкус знаменитой пряности ― ваниль была доступна только богатой знати. В XVI–XVII веке ваниль была так дорога, что стоила дороже золота.

Во многих европейских странах ваниль считали не пряностью, а веселящим возбуждающим снадобьем. Дамы и кавалеры того времени, не имевшие возможности принимать ванну ежедневно, натирались ванилью вместо дорогих духов. Во Франции ваниль добавляли в курительный табак.
Ваниль получила широкое применение в народной медицине: её применяют для лечения диспепсии, недугах нервной системы, ревматизма, судорог. Пряность способна стимулировать мышечную деятельность, улучшить аппетит, снять раздражение и стресс. Ваниль и сегодня широко применяется в ароматерапии и косметологии. Теплый сладкий аромат расслабляет, дарит ощущение душевного комфорта, избавляет от плохого настроения, окутывает теплом и чувством покоя.

Но лучше всего ваниль подошла к выпечке. В России эту пряность стали использовать в выпечке уже при правлении Елизаветы I, но, конечно, позволить такую роскошь себе могли даже не все дворяне.

Ваниль и сегодня используется как добавка в тесте, пудингах, суфле, вареньях, компотах, салатах, а ванильный сироп используется кондитерами для пропитки готовых бисквитов. Пряность используют и для приготовления ликеров. Главное, не переборщить: на вкус ваниль очень горькая. Из-за этого приходиться хорошо растирать стручки в порошок и добавлять при этом сахарную пудру. На 500 г сахара требуется всего лишь одна палочка.
В стручках ванили содержатся эфирные, дубильные масла, глюкованилин, смолы, анисовые альдегид и кислота. В них присутствуют витамины группы В (В1, В6, В3, В5, В4, В2,). Польза обусловлена и наличием железа, магния, кальция, цинка, марганца.

Лучше всего хранить ваниль в прохладном темном месте обернув стручки пищевой пленкой, выпустив весь воздух, и поместив их в контейнер. При хороших условиях пряность долго сохраняет свой изначальный запах. Известны случаи, когда ваниль осталась такой же ароматной через 36 лет хранения. Конечно, стойкость запаха зависит от сорта ванили. Самой признанной является мексиканская ваниль, затем следуют цейлонская и бурбонская. Некачественные сорта отличаются светлым цветом, ломкостью и трещинами: эти свойства означают, что ценных масел в стручках почти не осталось.

Из ванили также можно получить экстракт: мелкие стручки настаивают в растворе спирта и получают ароматную темную жидкость. Экстракт нельзя подвергать горячей обработке. Для горячих десертов лучше использовать порошок ванили – высушенные и размолотые стручки.
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