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Как производят подсолнечное масло

Как производят подсолнечное масло

Семена подсолнечника приобрели славу продукта для необразованных и бескультурных людей. Однако, подсолнечник в этом ничуть не виноват, и несмотря ни на что все так же остается полезной и неприхотливой культурой. В подсолнечных семечках, как в капсулах, сконцентрированы 10 витаминов (особенно много витамина Е!) и 9 минералов. Но особенно много в этих семенах жиров, и именно поэтому главный продукт, производимый из семян подсолнечника - подсолнечное масло.
Необработанное свежее подсолнечное масло – это невообразимо полезный продукт, сохраняющий витаминную ценность сырья. Растительные жиры усваиваются гораздо легче, чем жиры животного происхождения, и с их помощью прекрасно усваиваются витамины и микроэлементы. Растительное масло отлично подходит для жарки, заправки салатов и выпечки. Однако то масло, которое мы чаще всего употребляем и которое чаще всего видим на прилавках магазинов настолько сильно обработано, что от первоначального полезного сырья – семян подсолнечника – остаются практически чистые жиры.

Самый простой и распространённый способ добычи растительного масла – это метод холодного отжима. Для этого семечки сдавливают под прессом и из них вытекает масло. Температура прессования до 55°С считается холодным отжимом.При таком способе из семечек извлекается часть витаминов и фитостеролов. Однако, из сырья получается небольшое количество масла, оно имеет специфический запах и недолгий срок хранения. Такое масло очень редко можно найти в продаже, и, если вы решите приобрести подобное, вам придется обратиться на ближайшую ферму, занимающуюся производством масла, или в онлайн-магазин свежих продуктов.
Упакованное бутилированное масло холодного отжима чаще всего нерафинированное: это значит, что масло частично обработано, но полезные вещества в нем все еще есть. Обработка чаще всего заключается в отстаивании, фильтрации, гидратации и нейтрализации. При отстаивании и фильтрации из масла удаляются механические примеси. Гидратация – обработка горячей водой. При ней удаляются фосфолипиды, чтобы они не оседали на дне при хранении и транспортировке. В этом случае теряются водорастворимые витамины и часть фосфатидов. Нейтрализация необходима для удаления свободных жирных кислот. При этом на масло оказывается щелочное воздействие.

Нерафинированное подсолнечное масло богато насыщенными и ненасыщенными жирными кислотами, особенно полиненасыщенной линолевой кислотой. Оно содержит витамины А, Е, D, группы В. Витамина Е в подсолнечном масле в несколько раз больше чем в оливковом.

Чтобы посильнее отжать масло из семечек, производители могут использовать способ горячего отжима. Способ этот отличается от холодного отжима только температурой, при которой он проводится: 100°С. Чем выше температура, тем жиже и текучей масло в семечке, и тем больше его можно выжать. С этой разновидностью масла знакомы все, а многие считают его самым "настоящим" подсолнечным маслом. Это олия. Она имеет характерный темный цвет и аппетитный аромат жареных семечек. Однако, чем интенсивней запах и темнее масло, тем при более высоких температурах его отжимали из семечек. Олия часто используется в народной медицине, косметологии и кулинарии, однако в любом случае его нельзя подвергать тепловой обработке.
Источник: brenthofacker.tumblr.com/post/121790497837/hulled-

Источник: brenthofacker.tumblr.com/post/121790497837/hulled-

Но тем не менее, даже самая передовая технология добычи неспособна извлечь всё масло, содержащееся в семечке. Поэтому, чтобы «дожать» семена, применяют химический способ, или метод экстракции. Масло из семян не выдавливают, а извлекают с помощью растворителя. Оставшийся жмых удаляют, а подсолнечное масло активно избавляют от примесей - рафинируют.

Полная рафинация включает в себя не только отстаивание, фильтрацию, гидратацию и нейтрализацию, но и собственно рафинацию, дезодорацию и вымораживание. Дезодорация производится прогонкой водяного пара под вакуумом и служит для удаления ароматических веществ.

При вымораживании масло подвергается воздействию низких температур, при котором из масла удаляются воски и воскообразные вещества. Так масло окончательно приобретает товарный вид, так как мутный оттенок на этой стадии исчезает.
В конце концов мы получаем прозрачное подсолнечное масло без запаха, вкуса и осадка. В нем оказывается почти 100% жиров, и качество этих жиров и соотношение в них насыщенных и ненасыщенных жирных кислот зависит только от качества сырья. Жирные кислоты — стеариновая, линолевая, линоленовая, арахиновая и некоторые другие – крайне необходимы организму для нормального построения различных клеток и тканей, для работы нервной и кровеносной систем.

Полностью обработанное масло лучше всего подходит для тепловой обработки, так как меньше всего образует при этом канцерогенов. Но и такое масло становится вредным при повторном или слишком длительном нагреве. Старайтесь тщательно мыть сковороды и часто менять масло во фритюре, если вы им пользуетесь.

Какая бы разновидность масла вам ни нравилась, помните: в ней нет ничего опасного или вредного! Единственное, что может вам сильно навредить – это неумеренное его употребление. Рекомендованная норма – не больше 20г. в день. Но если вы ищете полезное для организма подсолнечное масло, присмотритесь к производителю и сырью, из которого делается масло, и не доверяйте корпорациям, стремящимся исключительно к прибыли.
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