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Как перец повлиял на мир - острие истории

Как перец повлиял на мир - острие истории

Любите пряное и острое? Вам повезло, что вы родились в наше время: черный перец, как и многие другие специи, долго был недоступной роскошью для большинства людей. Почему же так получилось?
Четыре тысячелетия назад черный перец стал популярен на своей родине, в Индии. Использовали его здесь вовсе не как специю, а как лекарство: рецепты снадобий из перца историки находят в древнеиндийских медицинских текстах «Сушрута-самхита» и «Чарака-самхита».

Побережье Малабар на юго-западной части Индии всегда было прекрасным местом для выращивания пряных трав и специй. Благодаря этому месту черный перец получил название «малабарская ягода» у других народов. Индийцы обливали ягоды горячей водой и сушили на солнце несколько дней, чтобы они высохли и почернели.
Источник: latinfood.about.com/od/recipesbyregion/tp/P

Источник: latinfood.about.com/od/recipesbyregion/tp/P

Удивительный вкус и лечебные свойства способствовали распространению перца в Египет: горошины черного перца были обнаружены в гробнице Рамзеса II (1213 г. до н.э.). Они использовались при мумификации фараона.

Первыми из народов Древнего Востока, узнавшими черный перец, были персы. Но далеко не каждй мог позволить себе употреблять его в пищу: перец не выращивали нигде, кроме Индии, а перевозки в те времена были очень затратными и долгими. Перец был настолько дорогим, что его называли черным золотом и использовали в качестве валюты.

В Греции перец тоже был дорогим товаром, который мог себе позволить только очень богатый человек. В Европу эта загадочная специя попадает во времена Александра Македонского, дошедшего до Индии в III в. до н.э. От греков о черном перце узнают римляне и налаживают торговые связи с Индией через жителей Южной Аравии. После того, как в 30 г. до н.э. Римская империя покорила Египет, монополия арабских купцов на торговлю специями была устранена и перец стал более дешевым и доступным. Перец занял почетное место в римской кухне: в большинстве рецептов поваренной книги третьего века он часто фигурирует в качестве компонента.
Но ценность свою перец все еще не потерял: в V веке вестготы, осадив Рим, потребовали и получили выкуп, частью которого был и перец. После падения Великой империи рынок пряностей снова захватили сначала персы, а затем арабы.
В средние века черный перец был достаточно распространен в Европе. Он служил специей, лекарством, обменной монетой, средством вложения капиталов и просто подарком. Им платили оброк, взятки, штрафы. В Германии зажиточных людей называли «перечный мешок». В Лондоне в 1180 г. была создана «Гильдия торговцев цельным перцем», ставшая позже «Гильдией торговцев пряностями», спустя век переименованная в «Компанию Бакалейщиков», которая существует и в наше время.
Источник: scarletselkie.blogspot.ru/2014_09_01_archiv

Источник: scarletselkie.blogspot.ru/2014_09_01_archiv

Торговля перцем была очень опасным и даже криминальным делом. Купцов обворовывали, убивали, а сами купцы часто прибегали к мошенничеству. Во Франции при покупке черного перца можно было приобрести подделку — смесь порошков можжевельника, кориандра и черного перца, которая даже имела свое название — «Ла-Рошель». Власти Западной Европы прибегали к суровым наказаниям — в Германии, например, такого торговца закапывали живьем.

Черный перец, как и другие специи Востока, оказал огромное влияние на ход мировой истории. Малабарское побережье, острова Суматра, Цейлон и Ява, на которых выращивали перец, были местом кровавых войн. За «землю перца» воевали персы, арабы, португальцы и голландцы. В голландском языке до сих пор словом peperduur обозначают что-то очень дорогое.

Черный перец повлиял на географию, став причиной для совершения Великих Географических открытий. Капитан Фернан Магеллан предложил испанскому королю Карлу Первому отыскать для испанцев новую дорогу к перцу – и благодаря его плаваниям и потерям стало известно о том, что земля круглая. Круглая, как шарик перца.
Открытие Америки тоже произошло благодаря поиску новых путей в Индию.

Со временем перец стали выращивать почти по всему свету, но крупнейшими производителями перца остаются Индия, Индонезия и Бразилия. Эти страны производят более 40 000 тонн перца в год. Первыми в списке потребителей черного перца значатся США, Россия, Германия, Япония и Англия. Перец в наше время есть на любой кухне, а для любителей поострее перечница стоит на каждом столике в кафе и ресторанах.

Перец не только придает пикантный вкус мясным и рыбным блюдам, но и воздействует на пищеварительную, кровеносную, дыхательную системы человека, оказывая общеукрепляющее, отхаркивающее, ветрогонное, глистогонное действие.

Исследования показывают, что перец снижает риск возникновения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний: разжижает кровь, уничтожает сгустки, улучшает кровообращение. Он также способствует пищеварению, стимулирует процесс обмена веществ, активизируя сжигание калорий. В перце содержится в три раза больше витамина С, чем в апельсине. Он также богат кальцием, железом, фосфором, каротином и витаминами группы В. Кроме того, перец способен усиливать действие других лекарственных растений.
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